Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevailing cancers, with cases having abundant morbidity and mortality every year throughout the world.1 According to incomplete statistics, the incidence rates of CRC in males and females rank third and second, respectively, and new cases of CRC are increasing.2,3 The 5-year survival rates of CRC patients are reportedly 90% (stages I-II), 71% (stage III), and 14% (stage IV).4 As a malignant tumor, CRC progressed from colorectal adenoma (CRA), which is the early stage of CRC. Many factors such as genetic, dietary, and environmental, are known to participate in the occurrence of CRC.5,6
With economic development, people’s living habits and diet structure changes drastically. The metabolic syndromes, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have become common chronic diseases that endanger human health. Some independent risk factors of NAFLD, such as hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes mellitus, have also been identified as potential risk factors for CRC.7–9 Accumulated evidence has shown that CRC is tightly associated with NAFLD.
Stadlmayr et al.10 investigated the effect of NALFD in patients with colonic neoplasia in Austria by using a cross-sectional study, and found that patients with NAFLD showed more CRC precursor lesions and early CRC than the patients without NAFLD. A retrospective cohort study conducted in Korean women by Lee et al.11 showed a significant relationship between colorectal neoplasms and NAFLD, and that the NAFLD may act as a predictive risk factor of colorectal neoplasms.
CRA is the precursor of CRC, and the association of CRA with NAFLD had also been studied. Hwang et al.12 demonstrated the relationship of CRA and NAFLD by a study conducted in a Korean population for the first time, the results of which indicated that NAFLD was associated with colorectal adenomatous polyps; in addition, an increased risk for NAFLD was observed in the patients with adenomatous polyps. Similar results were observed in the study conducted by Vincent et al.,13 in which 199 patients with NAFLD and 181 health controls were investigated; the findings indicated that patients with NAFLD had a higher prevalence of CRA than the healthy controls, and patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis had a higher prevalence of CRA than the patients with simple steatosis. However, Touzin et al.14 reported that there was no difference in the occurrence rate of CRA when comparing patients with NAFLD to patients without NAFLD; overall, the results indicated that NAFLD was not an independent risk factor of CRA.
Although some research studies have been carried out to illuminate the relationship of CRA and NAFLD, no related research in Chinese Han population has been reported, and the exact conclusion and detailed mechanism remain to be elucidated.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CRA and NAFLD in a Chinese Han population. The NAFLD-related metabolic indices were also measured to investigate the relationship of CRA with metabolic syndrome.
Methods
Subjects
This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its appendices,15 and was approved by the ethical committee of Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Qingdao, China). All the patients enrolled in this study signed an informed consent form before participation in the study.
Subjects were selected from the Department of Gastroenterology of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from June 2015 to March 2018. All subjects were of Northern Han Chinese origin; males and females were included and all were between the ages of 20 and 79 years. All the included subjects had been advised to undergo a colonoscopy to address the following symptoms: abdominal pain, bowel habit change, hematochezia, constipation, iron deficiency anemia, and diarrhea. All the subjects were subjected to colonoscopy carried out by any three experienced endoscopists, each with at least 5 years’ experience in colonoscopy examination at the Qingdao Municipal Hospital. Prior to the colonoscopy examination, subjects were given polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder for the bowel preparation. The quality of bowel preparation was graded according to the intestinal residual contents and surface appearance as good (more than 95% surface seen and without or small volume of clear liquid), poor (less than 90% surface seen, and semi-solid stool presence that could not be suctioned or washed away), and fair (between good and poor). Complete colonoscopy examination was defined as the endoscope (OLYMPUS 260, Japan) reaching the cecum. Subjects with an incomplete colonoscopy examination were excluded from the study. The CRA was defined as a benign tumor originating from the glandular epithelium of colorectal mucosa, including colon adenoma and rectal adenoma.
Subjects with CRA diagnosed by colonoscopy constituted the CRA group; subjects without CRA were regarded as the control group. All patients were evaluated by medical history-taking and physical examination. Subjects with the following were excluded from the study: 1) cancer in the last 2 years; 2) surgery in the last 2 years; 3) inflammatory bowel disease; 4) autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune deficiency syndrome); 5) suffering from several chronic liver diseases (alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis) or kidney diseases; 6) having a history of heart failure; 7) suffering from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, or other pulmonary diseases; 8) long-term use of immunosuppressant; or 9) familial colonic polyposis.
Biochemical analyses
Blood sample were collected from each subject in ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-containing tubes after a 12-h overnight fast. The body weight and height of each subject were obtained and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared (kg/m2). For biochemical analyses, blood samples were taken and assessed for serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and uric acid (UA) using routine enzymatic methods in the Roche COBAS8000 Biochemistry Analyzer. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were measured by the methods described previously.16
Liver ultrasound and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)
The liver was scanned by a Siemens Acuson SC 2000 color ultrasound diagnostic instrument and conducted by an experienced sonographer who was blinded to the clinical details of the patients. According to 2010 guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD, patients with viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis, various liver cirrhosis and alcoholic liver diseases were excluded. NAFLD diagnostic criteria by ultrasound conformed to (1) the echo intensity of the liver being greater than that of the renal echo; (2) near field echo dense enhancement and far field attenuation; (3) the structure of intrahepatic ducts, especially the veins not being clear; and (4) mild or moderate swelling of the liver.17
FibroScan CAP (FibroScan 502 diagnostic instrument, M probe; Echosens Company, France) was measured by three experienced doctors for 10 times at each point, and the CAP median was obtained automatically by the machine.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. The incidences of NAFLD in patients with CRA and in healthy controls were compared. Meanwhile, the differences of age, sex, CAP, BMI, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, AST, ALT, FPG, and UA were also compared between the two groups. The biochemical characteristics of the subjects are presented as mean ± standard deviation or percentages. Categorical variables were compared using the proportions χ2 test or the Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of CRA. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Characteristics of the study population
A total of 1410 patients were enrolled before the research, including 370 patients with CRA and 1040 patients without CRA. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 103 patients with CRA were excluded because of no liver ultrasound, history of CRC, other extra-intestinal malignancies, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, history of nephrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and excessive alcohol consumption. A total of 218 patients without CRA were excluded because of no liver ultrasound, history of operation, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, pulmonary diseases, arthritis, excessive alcohol consumption, nephrosis, and history of heart disease (Fig. 1). Thus, a total of 1089 subjects were included in the study, consisting of 267 patients (175 males and 92 females) with CRA and 822 control subjects (391 males and 431 females).
The clinical characteristics of all subjects are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences for age and the serum levels of TC, LDL-C, and ALT in the CRA group and control group (p > 0.05). Compared to the control group, the CRA group had significantly higher BMI (p < 0.001), TG (p < 0.001), HDL-C (p = 0.003), AST (p = 0.003), FPG (p < 0.001), and UA (p < 0.001).
Table 1.Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with or without CRAa
| Characteristic | CRA patients, n = 267 | Controls, n = 822 | p-value |
| Age in years | 54.5 ± 0.38 | 54.44 ± 0.68 | 0.930 |
| NAFLD | 142 (53.2%) | 360 (43.8%) | 0.008 |
| CAP | 235.56 ± 30.82 | 219.12 ± 29.55 | 0.002 |
| BMI in Kg/m2 | 24.54 ± 1.27 | 24.22 ± 0.62 | <0.001 |
| TG in mmol/L | 1.99 ± 1.32 | 1.45 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
| TC in mmol/L | 5.55 ± 0.98 | 5.46 ± 1.08 | 0.206 |
| HDL-C in mmol/L | 1.32 ± 0.37 | 1.39 ± 0.32 | 0.003 |
| LDL-C in mmol/L | 3.27 ± 0.77 | 3.25 ± 0.82 | 0.681 |
| AST in mmol/L | 34.5 ± 8.20 | 29.7 ± 7.80 | 0.003 |
| ALT in mmol/L | 31.9 ± 11.10 | 30.3 ± 9.9 | 0.321 |
| FPG in mmol/L | 5.22 ± 0.99 | 4.84 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| UA in mmol/L | 369.61 ± 84.26 | 337.77 ± 86.01 | <0.001 |
Prevalence of NAFLD in patients with and without CRA
NAFLD was diagnosed in 142 of 267 (53.2%) patients in the CRA group and 360 (43.8%) in the control group (p = 0.008), and the CAP values in the CRA group were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.002). Multifactor logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship of CRA with NAFLD, CAP, and lipid metabolism-related factors, and the results showed that sex, NAFLD, CAP, BMI, TG, AST, and FPG were the main risk factors tightly associated with the development of CRA (odds ratio (OR) = 42.170, 95% confidence interval (CI): 21.498–82.720, p < 0.001; OR = 1.425, 95% CI: 1.112–2.042, p = 0.018; OR = 1.139, 95% CI: 1.047–1.240, p = 0.003; OR = 1.468, 95% CI: 1.199–1.797, p < 0.001; OR = 1.248, 95% CI: 1.003–1.554, p = 0.047; OR = 1.364, 95% CI: 1.275–1.621, p = 0.002; OR = 1.514, 95% CI: 1.218–1.882, p < 0.001, respectively) (Table 2).
Table 2.Multiple factor logistic regression analysis of the risk of CRA
| Characteristic | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Age | 1.004 | 0.988–1.022 | 0.611 |
| Sex | 42.170 | 21.498–82.720 | <0.001 |
| NAFLD | 1.425 | 1.112–2.042 | 0.018 |
| CAP | 1.139 | 1.047–1.240 | 0.003 |
| BMI | 1.468 | 1.199–1.797 | <0.001 |
| TG | 1.248 | 1.003–1.554 | 0.047 |
| TC | 1.105 | 0.660–1.852 | 0.704 |
| HDL-C | 0.962 | 0.307–1.329 | 0.230 |
| LDL-C | 0.906 | 0.504–1.835 | 0.906 |
| AST | 1.364 | 1.275–1.621 | 0.002 |
| ALT | 1.123 | 0.786–1.435 | 0.561 |
| FPG | 1.514 | 1.218–1.882 | <0.001 |
| UA | 1.002 | 1.000–1.004 | 0.124 |
Characteristics, prevalence of NAFLD in males and females of all subjects
In consideration of the significant relationship between sex and the risk of CRA, we analyzed the clinical characteristics in males and females of all subjects, respectively (Table 3). In males, there were no significant differences in age or the serum levels of TC, LDL-C, and ALT in the CRA group and the control group (all p > 0.05). Compared to the control group, the CRA group had significantly higher BMI (p < 0.001), TG (p < 0.001), HDL-C (p < 0.001), AST (p < 0.001), FPG (p < 0.001), and UA (p < 0.001). The occurrence rate of NAFLD and CAP value in males of the CRA group were significantly higher than in males of the control group (p = 0.018; p < 0.001, respectively). However, in females, only the serum levels of TG, FPG, and UA were significant different between the CRA group and the control group, and there were no significant differences of the occurrence rate of NAFLD and CAP value between females in the CRA group and females in the control group (all p > 0.05).
Table 3.Clinical and biochemical characteristics of both sexes of patients with or without CRAa
| Characteristic | Male, n = 566 | Female, n = 523 |
| CRA patients, n = 175 | Controls, n = 391 | p-value | CRA patients, n = 92 | Controls, n = 431 | p-value |
| Age in years | 53.49 ± 10.18 | 53.93 ± 11.22 | 0.648 | 56.31 ± 9.75 | 55.02 ± 10.58 | 0.282 |
| NAFLD | 93 (53.1%) | 166 (42.5%) | 0.018 | 49 (53.3%) | 195 (45.2%) | 0.160 |
| CAP in dB/m | 241.62 ± 30.57 | 225.58 ± 29.12 | 0.001 | 220.67 ± 25.56 | 215.45 ± 27.68 | 0.761 |
| BMI in Kg/m2 | 24.72 ± 1.14 | 24.33 ± 0.63 | <0.001 | 24.20 ± 1.44 | 24.12 ± 0.59 | 0.371 |
| TG in mmol/L | 2.01 ± 1.25 | 1.54 ± 0.96 | <0.001 | 1.94 ± 1.45 | 1.38 ± 0.79 | <0.001 |
| TC in mmol/L | 5.44 ± 0.96 | 5.43 ± 1.06 | 0.904 | 5.72 ± 1.09 | 5.49 ± 1.10 | 0.065 |
| HDL-C in mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.30 | 1.38 ± 0.33 | <0.001 | 1.43 ± 0.47 | 1.41 ± 0.32 | 0.694 |
| LDL-C in mmol/L | 3.22 ± 0.73 | 3.23 ± 0.81 | 0.912 | 3.37 ± 0.84 | 3.27 ± 0.83 | 0.284 |
| AST in mmol/L | 36.70 ± 11.40 | 27.60 ± 10.30 | <0.001 | 33.20 ± 12.30 | 31.90 ± 12.70 | 0.059 |
| ALT in mmol/L | 33.30 ± 7.80 | 32.40 ± 9.20 | 0.871 | 29.10 ± 9.30 | 28.30 ± 10.90 | 0.584 |
| FPG in mmol/L | 5.18 ± 0.99 | 4.85 ± 0.80 | <0.001 | 5.50 ± 1.01 | 4.83 ± 0.74 | <0.001 |
| UA in mmol/L | 382.97 ± 84.53 | 353.38 ± 84.78 | <0.001 | 343.78 ± 77.55 | 323.61 ± 84.76 | 0.027 |
Multiple factors logistic regression analysis results showed that NAFLD, CAP values, BMI, AST, and FPG were the independent risk factors of colorectal adenomas in males (OR = 1.473, 95% CI: 1.003–2.162, p = 0.048; OR = 1.765, 95% CI: 1.598–2.068, p = 0.002; OR = 1.833, 95% CI: 1.409–2.385, p < 0.001; OR = 1.761, 95% CI: 1.452–2.004, p = 0.001; OR = 1.511, 95% CI: 1.200–1.901, p < 0.001, respectively), while the serum levels of TG, HDL-C, and FPG were the independent risk factors of CRA in females (OR = 1.696, 95% CI: 1.254–2.293, p = 0.001; OR = 2.629, 95% CI: 1.106–6.249, p < 0.029; OR = 1.565, 95% CI: 1.174–2.087, p = 0.002) (Table 4).
Table 4.Multiple factor logistic regression analysis of the risk of CRA in both sexes of subjects
| Characteristic | Male | Female |
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Age | 1.006 | 0.988–1.024 | 0.535 | 1.009 | 0.985–1.034 | 0.449 |
| NAFLD | 1.473 | 1.003–2.162 | 0.048 | 1.316 | 0.817–2.12 | 0.259 |
| CAP | 1.765 | 1.598–2.068 | 0.002 | 1.165 | 0.714–1.461 | 0.124 |
| BMI | 1.833 | 1.409–2.385 | <0.001 | 1.073 | 0.797–1.443 | 0.643 |
| TG | 1.200 | 0.952–1.512 | 0.123 | 1.696 | 1.254–2.293 | 0.001 |
| TC | 1.127 | 0.632–2.009 | 0.686 | 0.838 | 0.501–1.402 | 0.501 |
| HDL-C | 0.532 | 0.234–1.213 | 0.133 | 2.629 | 1.106–6.249 | 0.029 |
| LDL-C | 0.917 | 0.445–1.887 | 0.814 | 1.311 | 0.685–2.508 | 0.414 |
| AST | 1.761 | 1.452–2.004 | 0.001 | 1.327 | 0.784–1.754 | 0.086 |
| ALT | 1.212 | 0.674–1.297 | 0.154 | 1.132 | 0.934–1.432 | 0.463 |
| FPG | 1.511 | 1.200–1.901 | <0.001 | 1.565 | 1.174–2.087 | 0.002 |
| UA | 1.002 | 1.000–1.005 | 0.065 | 1.001 | 0.998–1.004 | 0.534 |
Discussion
In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the relationship of NAFLD and the risk of CRA in both sexes of our study subjects. We observed that NAFLD was more prevalent in the patients with CRA, or in the males among those suffering from CRA (but this was not the case for the females). Similarly, the CAP values and some indices of metabolic syndrome, such as BMI, TG, HDL-C, and FPG, were also significantly changed in the CRA patients, as compared to the controls.
CRC as one of the most prevalent malignant tumors progresses from the tumor precursor of colorectal adenoma.18,19 Accumulated evidence has shown that NAFLD is tightly associated with the risks of CRC or CRA, even being regarded as the indicator for colonoscopy among patients of older age.11,20 Retrospective and consecutive cohort studies in Chinese, conducted by Lin et al.,20 showed that NAFLD increases the risk of CRC and that higher severity of malignancy was more common among patients with NAFLD. Huang et al.21 reported that in Taipei (China), patients with NAFLD had a higher risk of CRA after negative baseline colonoscopy, and that the NAFLD complications of hyperlipemia and syndrome contributed to the CRA.
The underlying mechanism of the association between NAFLD and CRA is still unclear, but the significant roles of insulin resistance, inflammatory response, and abdominal obesity in the pathophysiological pathways of NAFLD and CRA have been reported.22,23 In our study of Northern China (Han population district), we found the occurrence rate of NAFLD to be significantly increased in patients with CRA compared to controls. In addition, the CAP values of all the subjects were measured to investigate hepatic steatosis. Higher CAP values of CRA patients were also observed in comparison to the controls. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that NAFLD and the CAP value were independent risk factors of CRA. These results indicate that the patients with NAFLD or hepatic steatosis had increased risk of CRA.
Sex, as a significant risk factor for CRA, has been reported in some studies. Stadlmayr et al.10 reported that male patients with NAFLD had increased risk of tubular adenomas and cancers, while Chen et al.24 also reported that NAFLD was the significant risk factor of colorectal adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps in male patients but not in female patients. In our study, we found that sex was a significant factor of CRA. Considering the significance of sex, we analyzed the relationship of NAFLD and CAP value with CRA in both male and female subjects. As the results showed, more NAFLD patients and higher CAP values were present in male patients with CRA compared to male controls, but there were no significant differences of NAFLD and CAP value between female patients with CRA and female controls. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that NAFLD and CAP value were the significant risk factors of colorectal adenomas in males but not in the females. Our results were consistent with previous reports of the risk of CRA in males and females being different.
NAFLD is the manifestation of metabolic syndrome in the liver, and is closely related to metabolic factors such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, all of which are also associated with the risk of developing CRC.8,9,25,26 BMI is considered the most significant index of obesity, which is mainly caused by excess proteins and fat, such as from red meat.27,28 In our study, higher BMI was observed in CRA patients and multiple factor logistic regression analysis showed that BMI was a significant risk factor of CRA. In addition, we observed that BMI was higher in male subjects but not in the females; this finding is consistent with the observed effect of NAFLD and CAP value in subjects of both sexes. Higher serum levels of TG, AST, FPG, and UA, and lower serum level of HDL-C were observed in subjects with CRA or in male subjects with CRA. The serum levels of TG, AST, and FPG were identified as significant risk factors of CRA in all subjects. However, the UA level did not significantly vary between the CRA group and the controls, for both female and male subgroups. These results suggest that metabolic syndrome is tightly associated with the risk of CRA in this group and may accordingly act as an indicator for the early diagnosis of CRA.
This study has several limitations. First, the patients with NAFLD were diagnosed by ultrasound rather than by liver biopsy. Second, the underlying mechanism of NAFLD in the risk of CRA was not clear. Third, colonoscopy was performed for diagnostic purposes, different from the routine screening practice for asymptomatic patients and findings of CRA/CRC. Colonoscopy carried out for diagnostic purposes will lead to increased finding of CRA/CRC compared to routine screening. Fourth, this study was conducted in a Chinese Han population, and whether the data are applicable to other ethnicities needs further study.
Conclusions
In summary, the relationship of NAFLD and the risk of CRA of a Chinese Han population were investigated in this study. We determined that NAFLD was tightly associated with the development of CRA and was the significant risk factor of CRA in all subjects and males but not in females. In addition, we observed that metabolic syndrome had significant effects on the risk of CRA. Although the associations of NAFLD, metabolic syndrome and CRA have been reported previously by many researchers, the detailed mechanisms of how NAFLD and metabolic syndrome affect the development of CRA remains unclear. Further studies with more and different ethnic groups should be conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in the development of CRA.
Abbreviations
- ALT:
alanine aminotransferase
- AST:
aspartate aminotransferase
- BMI:
body mass index
- CAP:
controlled attenuation parameter
- CRC:
colorectal cancer
- CRA:
colorectal adenoma
- FPG:
fasting plasma glucose
- HDL-C:
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL-C:
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- NAFLD:
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- TC:
total cholesterol
- TG:
triglyceride
- UA:
uric acid
Declarations
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31770837) and the Qingdao People’s Livelihood Science and Technology Plan (No. 18-6-1-68-nsh).
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interests related to this publication.
Authors’ contributions
Contributed to study concept and design (YL, YX, SX), acquisition of the data (YL, SL, YG), analysis and interpretation of the data (YL, SL, YG, HM, SZ, YY), drafting of the manuscript (YL, SL), critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content (YX, SX), and supervision (YX, SX). All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.